My DX Archive: Summer 1995

TAKING a trip back twenty-three years, to the summer of 1995, for memories of broadcasts heard on Short Wave radio.
Housekeeping notes: Times in UTC (GMT), frequencies in kiloHertz (kHz). Transmission power in watts or kiloWatts (kW). Logs transcribed from the original notes.

June 1995: Short Wave

• 23 June [1995]: 1834 UTC: 5915 kHz: Radio Slovakia International English language: Slovak subsistence, living costs. Slovak Government press conference. Interference from BRT French language broadcast. Meeting taking place between Slovak & Swiss Foreign Ministers. European Union lends support to Slovakian crackdown on music bootleggers.
• 23 June: 19 UTC: 6040 kHz: Voice Of America News headlines: Rocket attack in Israel. NASA Shuttle launch is delayed. British politician Douglas Hurd retires. 1910 UTC: VOA Newsline concentrates on Chechnya, Russia.

• 23 June: 1922 UTC: 6165 kHz: Swiss Radio International 'News Net' Swiss AIDS Foundation reports new infections. Russian Parliament questions Vladimir Putin over sacking a defence minister. British politician Douglas Hurd resigns.
• 23 June: 1943 UTC: 6195 kHz: BBC World Service West Europe. 'Newshour' Sport: Rugby World Cup Final to be contested by New Zealand and South Africa this coming weekend. Cricket: England v West Indies: West Indies innings: 209-6. World News headlines: Chancellor Kohl of Germany makes statement regarding Bosnia. European Union summer meeting.
• 23 June: 2024 UTC: 7170 kHz: Deutsche Welle 'Germany Today' A mining company to buy homes to continue a project. 'Marts & Markets': Financial news. Language course: 'German - Why Not?' / 'Deutsch - Warum Nicht?'.
• 23 June: 2045 UTC: BBC World Service 7160 kHz to the Gulf, 7325 kHz to Europe.
• 23 June: 21 UTC: 9700 kHz: Radio Bulgaria News: New Directors of Bulgarian Television & Radio are elected by Parliament. US to finance Bosnia. Moscow Correspondent in Chechnya.
• 23 June: 2111 UTC: 9410 kHz: BBC World Service 'World Business Report' Richard Lister with 'Britain Today' Douglas Hurd to resign. Recordings from Mr Hurd and the Prime Minister Mr John Major. Comment from Robin Cook of Labour.

• 23 June: 2127 UTC: 9535 kHz // 9760 kHz: Voice Of America 'World Report' Climbers are wrapping the German Parliament building in silver paper! Bad weather. Financial news, elections in the Caribbean: Haiti.
• 23 June: 2134 UTC: 9730 kHz: YLE Radio Finland 'Happiness Is...' Mid-summer festivities: festivals, off-licenses, drunken boat-handlers! Music: A waltz.

July 1995: Short Wave

• 6 July: 1150 UTC: 9650 kHz: Radio Netherlands 'Media Network' Radio Netherlands on satellite, 'On Target'. Radio nostalgia: Radio Luxembourg: 6090 kHz, 208m / 1440 kHz. Netherlands Antilles receives a new Radio Netherlands service. BBC Monitoring find a new station broadcasting USB-SW in Israel. Radio Vilnius has closed.
• 22 July: 1923 UTC: 7230 kHz // 7350 kHz: Radio Moscow - The Voice of Russia 'News & Views' Conflict in Central Europe: Serbia receives support from Russia. Concerns regarding Cuba and nuclear testing. News in Brief: Chechnya, Bosnia. Music by Elton John. Discussions regarding Iraq and Bosnia.
• 22 July: 21 UTC: 11850 kHz // 11865 kHz: Radio Japan News: Links between Ukraine & China. Rioting in the Ukraine 18-21 July. Report from Bosnia. Japanese weather: typhoon predicted. Japanese Government to visit China. Headlines: Japanese elections. China says US should not interfere. Broadcast via Gabon. 'Asia Weekly'.
• 23 July: 1550 UTC: 12095 kHz: BBC World Service 'Waveguide' Simon Spanswick broadcasts details and interviews concerning DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting.

August 1995: Short Wave

• 6 August: 1247 UTC: 9410 kHz: BBC World Service Ed Stewart: Music: Kiki Dee 'Loving And Free'. P J Proby 'Maria'. Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely'. Close of programme. BBC broadcasts a message from the Foreign & Commonwealth Office for British Citizens in Croatia: Request for British Citizens to leave Croatia safely. 13 UTC: 'Newshour' Balkan civil war: Croatia.
• 6 August: 1330 UTC: 9590 kHz: Radio Denmark Football tournament 'Norway Cup'. 'Pinpointing People And Places'. A journey through Norway. Prince Phillip visits a tower in Norway. Danish news update.
• 6 August: 1351 UTC: 11650 kHz: Radio Sweden Broadcast to North America. 'In Touch With Stockholm' Alan Pryke. Guitar competition. Folk music.
• 6 August: 1407 UTC: 11925 kHz: Voice of the Mediterranean [Malta] 'Melita Panorama': Appointment of an ombudsman. Fishing report. Profile of a Labour MP. Newspaper review. Recent Marriages!
• 6 August: 1433 UTC: 13595 kHz: Adventist World Radio 'Wavescan' Review of Lowe 250 receiver. Host: Gordon Bennett, 1 Whitehaven Road, Stockport, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 161 439 1346 Review of the new BayGen 'wind-up' receiver. DX News from Turkey and the US, Canada.
• 15 August: 16 UTC: 6175 kHz: Radio France Internationale (49m) Fair to good reception. World news headlines: Balkan Civil War (Bosnia), Japan apologises for its role in World War 2. King Hussein of Jordan states Saddam Hussein should not continue as ruler of Iraq.

• 17 August: 1150 UTC: 6045 kHz: Radio Netherlands via Flevo to Europe : 'Media Network' presented by Jonathan Marks and Diana Janssen, subject: Radio in Indonesia. Netherlands-owned Indonesian radio broadcaster in 1940. Pacific War: Japan surrendered 15 August 1945. Mike Bird's Propagation Forecast.

That concludes the logs from the summer of 1995. Thank you for visiting Reporting From The Fox Tower!

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My DX Archive: Winter 1994-95

WELCOME to the first day of British Summer Time, a week prior to Easter 2018 and Reporting From The Fox Tower is delighted to take you back to winter - To the winter of 1994-95, with the latest visit to my radio listening archives, on this occasion, December 1994 through to February 1995.
Click here for the link to the preceding post, Autumn 1994.

Housekeeping notes: Times in UTC (GMT), frequencies in kiloHertz (kHz), MegaHertz (MHz) and/or metrebands (m). Transmission power in watts or kiloWatts (kW). Logs transcribed from the original notes.

December 1994: Short Wave

• 15 December [1994]: 1155 UTC: 6045 kHz: Radio Netherlands. Strong to good reception; Very slight interference from German language broadcasters both -10 kHz and +10 kHz of the frequency. 'Media Network': Broadcasting in Rwanda. Radio Moscow 65th anniversary, visit to Radio Moscow, history of the station, now known as The Voice of Russia. Some languages to be cut. Interview with head of the Broadcast Centre, Moscow.
• 17 December: 1930 UTC: 5915 kHz: Radio Slovakia International. 'Best of Radio Slovakia International': The new Slovakian coalition government. Violin music. Letter: A bad weekend in the Bratislavan Mountains. To 20 UTC.
• 17 December: 20 UTC: 5930 kHz: Radio Prague (Spanish).
• 17 December: c.20 UTC: 5960 kHz: Deutsche Welle News: Seventeen dead on German roads today. 'Sports Report' Germany v Albania tomorrow. Football scandals: Milan boss banned from club. Malaysian football scandal. Other sport: Ski, athletics. 'A Week in Germany' Government gives support to NATO in Bosnia. UNESCO presents report in Bonn.
• 17 December: 2025 UTC: 6040 kHz: Voice of America 'Music USA' Jazz. 'Rubber legs' Williams. Duke Ellington.
• 17 December: 2043 UTC: 6180 / 6195 kHz: BBC World Service 'Meridian' Music festival in Ghana. Edward Butler. Sarajevo cinema reopens. New stage show in Berlin features music from the 1950's. Simon Fanshawe. 21 UTC: 'Newshour': Chechnya.

• 17 December: 2140 UTC: 7150 kHz: Radio Moscow - The Voice of Russia 'Kaleidoscope' Music by Mozart. Letters: Unfavourable comments regarding frequencies, change of name of the station, closure of broadcasts during daytime hours. Testing of the first Soviet atom bomb. 22 UTC: News headlines.
• 17 December: 2215 UTC: 9410 kHz: BBC World Service Broadcast to North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) 'Jazz For The Asking'.
• 17 December: 2323 UTC: 11955 kHz: BBC World Service News headlines: The Conservative Party (Government) revives gambling: Premium Bonds, football pools, The National Lottery. QE2 refurbishment. Cattle on ferries. Sunday Press Review. Sport. 'Newsdesk' at 2330 UTC. Broadcast to the Far East.

December 1994: Medium Wave

• 21 December: 1842 UTC: 1179 kHz MW: Radio Sweden Strong to good reception. 'Sixty Degrees North' Bill Schiller visits the Stockholm Christmas Market. 'Money Matters' Al Simon reviews the Swedish economy. Increase in Phonecards in Sweden. 150th anniversary of the Co-operative movement in the UK.
• 21 December: 1902 UTC: 1512 kHz MW: Radio Vlaanderen Internationaal Strong to moderate reception. News: Reduction in crime in Belgium. Students protest. Belgian paratroopers acquitted in court. Belgian sports people of the year: Male table tennis player, female swimmer. Weather: Fair. 'Press Review': Government in crisis? 'Belgium Today': Cattle receive hormones. 'The Arts': Liz Sanderson visits a doll museum in Antwerp. 'Green Society': Belgium is a leading grower and exporter of Christmas trees, including the 'Blue Spruce'. Broadcast to 1930 UTC.

December 1994: Short Wave

• 25 December: 1150 UTC: 6045 kHz: Radio Netherlands Strong to good reception. Christmas Day edition of 'Happy Station' presented by Jonathan Groubert, including a musical Christmas card from Poland, a recording from 1958 - The commercialism of Christmas and news stories regarding Santa Claus and the Christmas post.

Radio Netherlands QSL, Christmas Day 1994

• 29 December: 12 UTC: 6045 kHz: Radio Netherlands Strong to good reception. 'Media Network' with Jonathan Marks, Feature programme regarding jingles. Jingles played from BBC Radio One and BBC Radio Two. Interviews with Top Format in Holland and Jam in Dallas. 'Jingle collectors' in Europe and the US, piracy of jingles. Broadcast news: ORF Austria to close medium wave broadcasts. KOL Israel to close? Propagation report from Mike Bird in Australia.

January 1995: Short Wave

• 15 January: 1927 UTC: 5915 kHz: Radio Slovakia International 'Slovakia Today' highlights Slovakia's neighbouring countries, 'Listeners' Tribune' Letters from Mark Pitchman, Australia; Mr Snider, USA; Mr R C Taylor, Scotland; Ms Savage, USA; Laurence Ward, USA; Mr Tilley, USA; Donna Ellis, UK; India; Peggy Meddows, UK; Ukraine; Mr Rabu in the UK; Arthur Blossoms, UK. 1995 calendars and T-shirts are available to listeners.
• 15 January: 1958 UTC: 5960 kHz: Deutsche Welle News: Politician seeks appraisal of East Germany. The Bonn Government should not support Yeltzin. 1996 may see trading changed in Germany. Remembrance service in the former East Germany. Space capsule launched in Japan.
• 15 January: 2021 UTC: 6055 kHz: Adventist World Radio - AWR-Europe. 'Lifestyle' magazine on AWR. AWR in London: 'Wavescan' (DX programme) features the first AWR broadcasts seventy years ago.
• 15 January: 2034 UTC: 6180 / 6195 kHz: BBC World Service Broadcast to Europe 'Europe Today' New Austrian Government.
• 15 January: 21 UTC: 9615/9670/9690/9765 kHz: Deutsche Welle News including war in Europe, fighting in Somalia, UN soldiers held hostage in Mogadishu. Pope John Paul II visiting the Far East. Attacks in Israel.

Deutsche Welle QSL, 1995.

• 15 January: 2112 UTC: 9860/9895 kHz: Radio Netherlands 'Euroquest' with Rina Miller.
• 15 January: 2118 UTC: 9410 kHz: BBC World Service 'Newshour' with Hugh Prysor-Jones.
• 15 January: 2159 UTC: 11750 kHz - 11955 kHz: BBC World Service 'Newshour' close of programme. 11750 kHz to South America, 11955 kHz to Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands and Papua New Guinea.
• 15 January: 2230 UTC: 7220 kHz: Radio Budapest 'DX Programme'.

January 1995: Medium Wave

• 19 January: 2130-2155 UTC: 1386 kHz MW: Radio Netherlands (Interference from Trans World Radio on 1395 kHz) 'Media Network' Jonathan Marks with information of jamming in Iraq, letter from North Carolina regarding numbers stations. AWR to expand into Latin America, Paraguay. News of developments on the World Radio Network. News from Kigali and India. Competition. European DX Council conference in Denmark. Sri Lanka to send new programmes to the Middle East in Filipino.

January 1995: Short Wave

• 22 January: 1535-1550 UTC: 7260 kHz: Radio Australia Moderate reception. 'Fine Music Australia' with Ivan Lloyd: The Queensland Philharmonic Orchestra.

ABC Radio Australia QSL, January 1995

• 31 January: 2130 UTC: 6040-6070 kHz: Voice of America 'World Report' featuring Jim Herriot's 'On This Day In History'. Lisa Macadams & Susan Clarke present 'World Report'. President Clinton. Chechnya. Sonia Pace reports from Paris.

February 1995: Short Wave

• 2 February: 1200-1213 UTC: 6045 kHz: Radio Netherlands Strong to good reception. 'Media Network' with Jonathan Marks and guest, Jim Cutler.
• 9 February: 1152 UTC: 6045 kHz: Radio Netherlands 'Media Network' Increase in programme reaction. During floods in the Netherlands, Radio Netherlands provided news details to twenty-two stations around the world including ABC New York and BBC World Service. Veronica Wilson reports on the radio scene in Africa: BBC, Voice of America, Radio France Internationale work on relays and community projects in the continent. News: Talk Radio UK launches Tuesday 14 February 1995.

February 1995: Medium Wave

• 12 February: 1830 UTC: 1179 kHz MW: Radio Sweden 'Sounds Nordic' with Keith Foster. Music news: 'ABBA Gold' is the highest selling CD in Russia. Music festival in Cannes, France.
• 12 February: 1909-1918 UTC [7:09pm-7:18pm UK time]: 1053 kHz MW: Test transmissions from Talk Radio UK.
• 13 February: 1822 UTC [6:22pm UK time]: 1053 kHz: Test transmission from Talk Radio UK.

Talk Radio UK QSL, 1995 

February 1995: Short Wave

• 13 February: 1830 UTC: 5930 kHz: Radio Prague Czech language to Europe.
• 13 February: 1837 UTC: 6040 kHz: Voice of America 'Special English' with Tony Riggs: News from Mexico and Brasilia. 'Development: This Is America' Stan Busby reports. World population increase.
• 13 February: 1854 UTC: 6065 kHz: Radio Sweden Sport with Keith Foster: NHL hockey in Canada, golf in the Canary Islands. Nick George closes the broadcast.
• 13 February: 19 UTC: 6105 kHz: Radio Romania International Romanian president meets his Lebanese counterpart. Belarus ratify treaty. Israel & PLO hold talks. Attacks in Algeria, International Security conference in Bucharest. Earthquake in Alaska.
• 13 February: 1925 UTC: 6110 kHz: Radio Moscow - The Voice of Russia. 'Commonwealth Update', News at 1930 UTC: Chechnya. Yugoslavia: 21 Serbs in court. Agreement between Russia and Slovakia is signed. 'News in Brief'.
• 13 February: 1945 UTC: 6155 kHz: Radio Austria International Business News with David Ward.

Radio Austria International QSL, February 1995

• 13 February: 20 UTC: 6180/6195 kHz: BBC World Service News headlines from London, followed by 'Health Matters'.
• 13 February: 2012 UTC: 7260 kHz: Radio Australia Allan Border approached with a bribe before a Cricket match. Low count of Iron in Australia.
• 13 February: 2037 UTC: 9410 kHz: BBC World Service English to Europe & The Commonwealth of Independent States. 'The Vintage Chart Show': Stevie Wonder - 'For Once In My Life', Fleetwood Mac - 'Albatross', The Move 'Blackberry Way', The Chart: 1974.

February 1995: Medium Wave

• 13 February: 22 UTC [10pm UK Time]: 1053-1089 kHz: Test transmissions from Talk Radio UK: Caesar The Geezer 'phone-in 0345 10 53 89 First call from Kevin of Ilkeston, Derbyshire. First ad: Coca-Cola, 2230 UTC.
• 20 February: 1515 UTC: 774 kHz MW: BBC Radio Leeds Good to moderate reception. 'Real Lives' with Mo James, featuring a husband & wife who run a theatre company. Music: 'She's Not There', 'Robin of Sherwood' by Clannad. 'Time saving travel': AA Roadwatch: M62, A6120.
• 20 February: c.22 UTC: 1053-1089 kHz: Talk Radio UK [first week of full transmission] Caesar The Geezer and Dixie. Postal address: Talk Radio UK, 76 Oxford Street, LONDON W1N 0TR.

February 1995: Short Wave

Radio Canada International 50th anniversary QSL, February 1995

• 25 February: 1430 UTC: 11915 kHz: Radio Canada International Good to moderate reception via Sines, Portugal. News: President Clinton visits Canada, Radio Canada International is 50 years old today. 'Innovation Canada': Worldwide tourism, Bob Johnston reports. 150th anniversary of the 'Ottawa Citizen', now on the internet.

Radio Canada International 50th anniversary QSL, February 1995

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My DX Archive: Autumn 1994

Radio France Internationale QSL, September 1994

SPRINGTIME has finally arrived in the parishes surrounding the Fox Tower, the snowdrops are in bloom and here on Reporting From The Fox Tower, I am taking this opportunity to celebrate the season of autumn, with memories of radio broadcasts from September, October and November 1994.
Catch up with memories of Summer 1994 here.

Housekeeping notes: Times in UTC (GMT), frequencies in kiloHertz (kHz), MegaHertz (MHz) and/or metrebands (m). Transmission power in watts or kiloWatts (kW). Logs transcribed from the original notes.

September 1994: Short Wave

• [Sunday] 11 September [1994]: 1625-1645 UTC: 6175 kHz: Radio France Internationale. Strong to moderate reception. 'Focus on Asia': France, China, USA, Korea. 'Club 9516': 'Woodstock' competition. Record request: Yossou N'Dour & Neneh Cherry '7 Seconds'. Penpals: Todoca Gabriel of Romania, Bill Kazoupi of Chicago IL USA. News Quiz: 'Who Am I?' Spanish winner of the 1994 Tour De France. (Miguel Indurain). Radio France Internationale postal address. Record request, 'Radio Recipe'.
• 14 September: 1905-1920 UTC: c.6000 kHz: Radio Budapest, Hungary. 'Comment': Chinese-Hungarian relations. Hungarian buildings renovated with help from Japan. Hungarian television. Football.
• 14 September: 1923 UTC: 6165 kHz: Swiss Radio International. Discussion regarding CO2 emissions. James Mason interviews Sir Michael. 'NewsNet' programme, news headlines: Bosnian conflict. Crimea. Algerian president to release prisoners.
• 14 September: 1941 UTC: 6180-6195 kHz: BBC World Service. 'Europe Today' featuring news of Prime Minister John Major.
• 14 September: 1951 UTC: 7285 kHz: Polish Radio Warsaw. NATO & Warsaw Pact soldiers meet, lady dumps her baby. 16 & 17 year old boys face courts. Memories of Poland under Nazi occupation.
• 14 September: 2003 UTC: 7345 kHz: Radio Prague. English to Europe. British guest visits Czech Republic. Czech National Bank funds IMF. 'Calling All Listeners' feature Messrs Casper, Bartle, Port, Wells.

Radio Prague QSL, September 1994

• 14 September: 2026 UTC: 9615 kHz: Deutsche Welle. Jewish High School opens in Central Berlin. DW postal address. 'Headcrash' feature: James Mason of Swiss Radio International and a professor elaborate on the 'Worldwideweb' and 'Internet'. Deutsche Welle will soon be on the 'world wide web'.
• 14 September: 2105 UTC: 9640 kHz: Radio Moscow. Georgian refugees return to Aphazia. United Nations Security Council maintains sanctions against Iraq. Cuban minister reforms financial planning. Cuban-US dialogue. US-led forces control Haiti. 'Focus on Asia & The Pacific': Korean peninsula mourns Kim Il Sung. India rejects Kashmiri help. UN view of Yugoslavia.
• 14 September: 2142 UTC: 12095 kHz: BBC World Service. English to France: 'Newshour': Korean (nuclear) reactors.
• 14 September: 2211 UTC: 15070 kHz: BBC World Service. English to Turkey: 'World Business Report'.

Letter from Paris, winning a T-shirt!

October 1994: Short Wave

• 16 October: 1150 UTC: 6045 kHz: Radio Netherlands. 'Happy Station' Strong to good reception. Rosemarie Ninaber leaving 'Happy Station' and Radio Netherlands. Classical music. Tribute to Rosemarie, followed by interview. Phone call from Pete Myers, recorded tribute by Tom Meyer. Jonathan Groubert & Rosemarie close the show.

October 1994: Medium Wave

• 16 October: 2130 UTC: 1386 kHz: Radio Netherlands. *New on this frequency* New publications from Radio Netherlands announced. News headlines: Chancellor Kohl wins German elections. Trouble in Israel. [Satellite link to transmitter fails. Following a period of silence, broadcast is back on air; telephone connection] Jacki Spears read news. 'Happy Station' with Jonathan Groubert: Dance music. Classical music, Rosemarie Ninaber.

October 1994: Short Wave

• 20 October: 1852 UTC: 6045 kHz: Radio Netherlands 'Newsline' Palestine Liberation Organisation and Israel, elections take place in West Bank and Gaza Strip. 'Research File' World Health Conference, Paris, France. Results of a smoking survey in the British Medical Journal, interview.
• 20 October: c.19 UTC: 6055 kHz: Voice of America 'VOA News' Correspondent visits bomb site in Israel: Tel Aviv. News from Egypt. Worldwide weather report. United Nations envoy to Yugoslavia talks of plans for Croatia.
• 20 October: 1934 UTC: 6155 kHz: Radio Austria Market links between Austria and South America. Religious difficulties block Euro unity. Austrian girls lose self-esteem after adolescence, due to treatment in schools.
• 20 October: 1946 UTC: 6195 kHz: BBC World Service 'The Farming World' covers Albania, Slovakia.

KOL Israel QSL, October 1994

• 20 October: 2015 UTC: 9435 kHz: KOL Israel 'Studio 3' Books and music, 'Art Focus' Israeli artists.

October 1994: Medium Wave

• 25 October: 1715 UTC: 1197 kHz: Voice of America Interference from UK broadcaster Virgin 1215, which also operates on 1197 kHz. VOA to Europe on Medium Wave. 'VOA News' Economic institute report from Bonn, Germany. Wednesday's weather in selected cities. 'Newsline' Unrest after suicide bombing in Sri Lanka, report from South Asia Correspondent.
• 25 October: 1722 UTC: 1179 kHz: Radio Sweden Strong to good reception. 'Sixty Degrees North' Swedish development corporation brings Danida and other international organisations together under one umbrella. Interview with a Social Democrat charged with heading the new organisation.

November 1994: Short Wave

• 16 November: 1440 UTC: 11950 kHz: Radio Canada International Strong to good reception. Canadian weather report. 'Spectrum' Jim Craig. North America National Hockey League strike, Canadian teams including Winnipeg join the strike. NHL team goes to Moscow to play the Spartak Moscow team.

November 1994: Medium Wave

• 17 November: 2135 UTC: 1386 kHz: Radio Netherlands (216 metres) Strong to good reception. News read by Carol van den Ring: Albert Reynolds (Irish President) resignation. Explosions in Israel. Weather. 'Newsline' with Robert Green: Mr Reynolds' resignation. European Union delegates visit Japan regarding trade. Protests in East Timor, Indonesia. Fifth anniversary of the 'Velvet Revolution' (Czechoslovakia becomes Czech Republic and Slovakia).

  

  NHK Radio Japan QSL, 1994

  'Media Network': Radio Free Kenya. VOA Bethany relay station closes. Focus on broadcasts to and from Indonesia. News from New Zealand. Mike Bird's solar report. Jonathan Marks closes the broadcast.

November 1994: Short Wave

• 25 November: 2152 UTC: 11925 kHz: Radio Japan (also 6055 kHz via Skelton) Japanese company imports American books including 'Debt Of Honour' by Tom Clancy. 'Book Beat' followed by 'Tokyo Pop-In' to 22 UTC.

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My DX Archive: Summer 1994

THE irony, after a week of some of the heaviest snowfall in the parishes surrounding the Fox Tower, that this blog should bring you a post referring to Summer. Welcome, one and all, to memories of the Summer of 1994, as heard via radio broadcasts from the World over.
Housekeeping notes: Times in UTC (GMT), frequencies in kiloHertz (kHz), MegaHertz (MHz) and/or metrebands (m). Transmission power in watts or kiloWatts (kW). Logs transcribed from the original notes.

June 1994 : Medium Wave

• 1 June [1994]: 2145 UTC: 1179 kHz: Radio Sweden. Strong reception. '60° North': Sweden's image abroad. 'Money Matters': Industries. Address: S-105 10, Stockholm, Sweden. Receiver: Zeon Tech AC-100.

June 1994: Short Wave

• 5 June: 1812 UTC: c.5 MHz: Radio Norway International. Strong to moderate reception. Bosnian refugees in Norway. Norwegian football. 50th Anniversary of D-Day.
• 26 June: 1916 UTC: 6120 kHz: Radio Finland. Finnish Conservative Party is looking for a new leader.
• 26 June: 20 UTC: 9760 - 9770 kHz: Voice of America. News: French paratroopers in Rwanda. Presidential election in the Ukraine. News from Sarajevo & Hungary. Belgian Prime Minister is denied Presidency of the EU by the UK. David Chadwick read the news. 'Concert Hall': 'West Side Story'.
• 26 June: 2035 UTC: 15070 kHz: BBC World Service. English Service directed to Turkey. 'Brain of Britain' with host Robert Robinson and contestants Mr Thompson, Mr Evans and Mr Havercroft.
• 26 June: 21 UTC: 11990 kHz: Radio Kuwait. English to Europe on shortwave, 1341 kHz to the Gulf. News roundup: The Emir, Grand Prince & Prime Minister mourn Hebron Mosque massacre. Financial update. Radio Kuwait signing off - Midnight in Kuwait, 10pm in the UK, 21 UTC.

Radio Kuwait QSL

• 26 June: 2103 UTC: 9690 kHz: Radio Romania International. English news: Ukraine elections. Belgian PM denied Presidency of the EU. Fighting in Somalia, Rwanda. Afghan troops take land. Bosnian troops will not take part in a meeting. Football World Cup: Romania will face USA. Colombia v Switzerland. 'Frankly Speaking' feature: FIFA football World Cup. 'Radio Pictures': Male talks of trees.
• 26 June: 2126 UTC: 41m: Radio Moscow. Joe Adamov concludes 'Adamov's Mailbag'. 'Music From Moscow'. News: Ukraine elections. Russian PM plans external investment. 'Culture & The Arts'.
• 26 June: 2149 UTC: 6155 kHz: Radio Austria International. David Ward interviews a Jazz musician. Music by Strauss.
• 26 June: 2258 UTC: 6065 kHz: Radio Sweden. Alan Pryke closes the 'In Touch With Stockholm' programme with classical music.  Vatican Radio also audible on a nearby frequency.
• Thursday 30 June: 1133 UTC: 5955 kHz: Radio Netherlands. News: Fighting in Kabul, Afghanistan. Fighting between police & demonstrators in Bangladesh. Britain & China agree on transfer of military sites. China will scrap democratic changes in Hong Kong in 1997. Government changes in Japan. Six UN observers abducted in Liberia. Sport: Football world cup: Holland progress to second round: Holland 2 - Morocco 1, Saudi Arabia 1 - Belgium 0. 'Newsline' with Ginger Da Silva: European court case over trade embargo with Greece. British Monarchy. 'Media Network': Radio Free Asia to China, Radio Free Europe, VOA. Germany sends transmitters to Mozambique. UNESCO launches Rwandan station. Caller from UK on answerline. Offshore radio feature: Veronica, Atlantis, Nordzee, Monique, Antwerp. UK stations: Capital, Radio London, Caroline, Mi Amigo. Radio Paradise. Propagation Report from Mike Bird in Australia.

July 1994 : Short Wave

• Monday 25 July: 1948 UTC: 9700 - 9760 kHz: Voice of America. The Magazine Show. Listeners Letters. Walk for Justice. Oppressed races in the USA.

Voice of America QSL, July 1994

• 25 July: 20 UTC: 9795 kHz: Radio Moscow: English News. Bill Clinton to meet Estonian President in Moscow. Georgian leader V S Aphazia comments on UN sanction. Russia sends aid to Zaire. Leaders of Israel & Jordan meet in Washington. 'Moscow Mailbag' with Joe Adamov.

August 1994 : Medium Wave

• Sunday 14 August: 2030 UTC: 1179 kHz: Radio Sweden. 'Sounds Nordic' presented by Keith Foster: Letter from London, 'Acid Jazz' music. Report from the Stockholm Water Festival. Music by The Cardigans, interview with Nina. Competition: "Which Beatles album first featured 'Don't Let Me Down'?"

August 1994 : Short Wave

• Tuesday 16 August: 19 UTC: 6040 kHz: V O A News: Plutonium found in Germany. 'Carlos The Jackal' appears in court in Paris. Two Rwandan refugees killed by Zaire troops. Israeli troops asked to leave Lebanon. State of Emergency announced in Sri Lanka.
• 16 August: 1958 UTC: 9770 kHz: Swiss Radio International. 'Carlos the Jackal' in Court. US National bank reports 4% change in interest rates. Colombia's Prime Minister cleared of criminal charges.
• 16 August: 2020 UTC: 9920 kHz: China Radio International. Industrial & financial news. Central, German, Swiss & Hong Kong banks to invest in China.
• Tue 16 August: 2038 UTC: 11630 - 11870 kHz: Radio Moscow. 'Yours for the asking' music request show: Ian Blair of England. Elvis Presley 'Jailhouse Rock', 'Love Me Tender'. Seventeenth anniversary of Elvis' death. Music from Acker Bilk.

Radio Moscow QSL, August 1994

• 16 August: 21 UTC: 11940 kHz: BBC World Service. English to Mid & South Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia & Zimbabwe. 'Newshour' on the air.
• Sunday 28 August: 1140 UTC: 5955 kHz: Radio Netherlands. Strong reception. 'Happy Station' broadcast. Music from Sister Sledge 'We Are Family'. Jonathan Groubert introduces Howard Shannon who reads letters. Phone call from Jonathan's Mum. Music: 'Sunrise, Sunset'.
• 29 August: 08-0815 UTC: c.17900 kHz (18 MHz / 16m): Radio Pakistan. Strong to good reception. News headlines: China - US agreement, war in Bosnia. River levels. Readings from the Koran in Arabic, followed by English translation.
• 29 August: 0830-0840 UTC: 5955 kHz: Radio Netherlands. Strong to good reception. 'Network Europa' Howard Shannon: Bosnians reject peace plan. Germany: Kohl attacks SDLP. Ireland: Sinn Fein statement. Africa: Hutu people murdered in Rwanda. Asiawatch organisation claims China transplants prisoner's organs.

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I hope you have enjoyed these memories of the Summer of 1994. Feedback would be gratefully received! Please use the comment feature below. Thank you.

My DX Archive: Spring 1994

WELCOME to the second Sunday of February, a busy sporting Sunday with the Winter Olympics underway, the Six Nations Rugby tournament continuing and football fixtures being played. We are also days away from Valentine's Day, which will also mark the midpoint of the month.

Reporting From The Fox Tower takes you back to March 1994, as the starting point of memories of the Springtime of that year, for the logs of radio broadcasts heard at the time.
Housekeeping notes: Times in UTC (GMT), frequencies in kiloHertz (kHz), MegaHertz (MHz) and/or metrebands (m). Transmission power in watts or kiloWatts (kW). Logs transcribed from the original notes.

March 1994 : Medium Wave

• 15 March [1994]: 1945 UTC: 603 kHz: BBC Radio Four, UK. Feature regarding abortions in the USA.
• 15 March: 2004 UTC: 612 kHz: RTE 2FM, Republic of Ireland. Sports Update, 'That Petrol Emotion' in concert tonight.
• 15 March: 2006 UTC: 648 kHz: BBC World Service, UK. News: UK tried to stop Sweden, Finland, Austria and Norway entering the EU. Troubles in Estonia.
• 15 March: 2012 UTC: 693 kHz: BBC Radio Five, UK. Live football: Arsenal 0 - Torino 0 (Half Time).
• 15 March: 2035 UTC: 909 kHz: BBC Radio Five, UK. Live football: Arsenal 0 - Torino 0 (Second Half).

• 15 March: 2038 UTC: 1053 kHz: BBC Radio One, UK. Dance music. Also broadcasting on 1089 kHz.
• 15 March: 2055 UTC: 1179 kHz: Radio Sweden. Music programme.
• 15 March: 21 UTC: 1215 kHz: Virgin Radio 1215, UK. News: UK to get another national commercial radio station - Speech / talk / phone-in based programming. Music: James 'Sit Down', Pearl Jam 'Jeremy'.
• 15 March: 2115 UTC: 1386 - 1494 kHz: Radio Moscow, Russia. Listeners Letters: Letter from Northern Ireland.

March 1994 : Short Wave

• 17 March: 20 UTC: 5920 kHz: BBC World Service, UK. News headlines in 'News English' followed by Ukrainian service.
• 17 March: 2010 UTC: 5960 kHz: Deutsche Welle, Germany. English for Europe 20 - 2050 UTC. Meeting of the Anglo-German Association. Today's German papers: EU to find fishing rights for Germany. Mark Rossman: 'Hits in Germany': Bruce Springsteen, Tori Amos, D:Ream. DW investigates St Patrick's Day celebrations in Cork. Also available on 7170 kHz, 9615 kHz & Astra 1A satellite. Address: 50588 Cologne, Germany. 'Germany Today' ends, 'Tourism' programme.
• 17 March: 2145 UTC: 9750 kHz: BBC World Service 'Newshour'.

Radio Moscow QSL, 17 March 1994

• 17 March: 2205 UTC: 9890 kHz: Radio Moscow News: Russian MIG 29s to fly in South America. Demonstrations in French cities over social policies. Pakistan may join the nuclear non-proliferation treaty. Fire extinguished at Ukrainian nuclear plant.
• 17 March: 2225 UTC: 9915 kHz: BBC World Service English to the Caribbean 'Network UK' Rugby sport.

March 1994 : FM

• 20 March: 1650 UTC: 89 MHz FM: Manx Radio (Isle of Man) Good reception. 'Solid 60s Show' Helen Shapiro. News: Helicopter crash in Northern Ireland. Colin Parry (Father of IRA victim Tim Parry) places a white carnation in Warrington. The family of Jonathan Ball also attend.

April 1994 : Short Wave

• 4 April: 1615 UTC: 6065 kHz: Radio Sweden Strong to good reception. Feature regarding Swedish Children's television: Barney Bear, Alfie Atkins, Pippy Longstocking.
• 14 April: 1134 UTC: 5955 kHz: Radio Netherlands (Holland) Strong to good reception. News: Rwanda. Weather: Sunny. Newsline: Greece in the European High Court. Media Network: Jonathan Marks saw Phil Collins in concert on Saturday. Deutsche Welle relay in Kigali. BBC, Adventist World Radio, WCSN and TV Radio Marti, on UHF, in Florida & Cuba.
• 15 April: 1847 UTC: 6040 kHz: Voice of America 'Special English', 'Mosaic'. Wartime memories from a man who was in his '20s at the time. Letter from a listener in Malawi, 'how do you choose names for kids?'.

Voice of America QSL, 15 April 1994

• 15 April: 1855 UTC: 6100 kHz: Radio Yugoslavia Female host talks of writers and the Baltics, Greece. Next broadcast: 2030 UTC, 9620 kHz.
• 15 April: 1910 UTC: 6195 kHz: BBC World Service 'Outlook': Man tries to buy an aircraft.
• 15 April: 1916 UTC: c.7195 kHz: Radio Romania International Press Review. Electoral campaigns, several European countries to take part in 'World Trade 94'.
• 15 April: 1942 UTC: 9760 kHz: Voice of America English to Europe via Gloria (Portugal) 'The Magazine Show' Monday hosts the Boston Marathon. Pat Bodner previews the race, including a runner from 1928, Johnny Kelly. 100th anniversary of a recording by Betty Smith.
• 15 April: 1958 UTC: 9765 kHz: Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran Listeners Special, music. Letters from Wisconsin, Puerto Rico, Holland. L Groubert from Cincinatti, USA. Letter from Japan, in Japanese. D J Powell from Switzerland. American listener asks how he could work on shortwave radio. Iranian geography: 62000 miles. Male & female host. Letter from India. Postal address: PO Box 33 34 Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran. Programme close at 2025 UTC.
• 15 April: 11 UTC: 9535 kHz: Swiss Radio International, Switzerland. Strong to good reception. News: US helicopters, Rwanda. 'Dateline': Italian politics, UN in Yugoslavia, Japanese politics, World Health Organisation leads fight against polio.

Swiss Radio International QSL, 15 April 1994

• 15 April: 2030 UTC: c.9410 kHz: BBC World Service 'Science in Action' to Africa.
• 15 April: 2035 UTC: 9615 kHz: Deutsche Welle 'German by radio' female host, verbs.
• 15 April: 21 UTC: 9700 kHz: Radio Bulgaria News: Military arms to pass through Bulgaria. No change in former Yugoslavia. UN to send equipment to blue helmets. German politician visits Bulgaria.
• 23 April: 0844 UTC: c.6295 kHz: Adventist World Radio Strong to moderate reception. Joanna Lim presents nutritional information, food magazine show. 'Lifestyle Magazine'. Address: AWR, 39 Brendan Street, London W1.
• 24 April: 1136 UTC: 5955 kHz: Radio Netherlands 'Happy Station' with Pete Myers. Strong to good reception. Telephone call. An Indian man gets married today. Music from Madonna. Gerry MacDuff writes from Canada. Letter from Martin Cowin, Cumbria, England - Me! - "Who puts the 'Happy Station' programme together?" Music from Ella Fitzgerald. Also heard at 1530 UTC.

May 1994 : Short Wave

• 14 May: 1913 UTC: 6040 kHz: Voice of America 'Newsline': Chancellor Kohl of Germany. Conference featuring Czech Prime Minister and the Danish foreign minister. President Clinton nominated Judge Brier for Supreme Court, Clinton hails change in South Africa. Transfer of power from Israel to Palestine. Report regarding the forthcoming soccer world cup, world cup postage stamps, US postage stamps of Elvis Presley. Music: 'Hound Dog'. 'Press Conference USA' reviewing Apple Macintosh computers.

• 14 May: 1956 UTC: 6195 kHz: BBC World Service 'From The Weeklies'. World news at 20 UTC: BBC Worldwide.
• 14 May: 22 UTC: 9445 kHz: Voice of Turkey News: Heavy fighting in Bosnia. Turkish-Cypriot community asks to be recognised. Heavy fighting in Azerbaijan. Refugees caught between Somalia and Yemen caught in rebel crossfire. 'Press Review': Neo-nazis fight in Germany. 'Outlook': EU meeting in Luxembourg. 'DX Corner': Lagos 1 on 4990 kHz, Chad on 4910 kHz. 4890 kHz - RFI. 05 UTC 4770 kHz Africa.

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Thank you for visiting Reporting From The Fox Tower - And keep listenin'!

My DX Archive: Winter 1993 - 94.

BRINGING you some more memories of radio broadcasts, logged over the course of the Winter of 1993 - 94. The following logs are broadcasts received on Short Wave and Medium Wave.
Housekeeping notes: Times in UTC (GMT), frequencies in kiloHertz (kHz), MegaHertz (MHz) and/or metrebands (m). Transmission power in watts or kiloWatts (kW). Logs transcribed from the original notes.

December 1993

• 13 December [1993]: 1912 UTC: 6040 kHz: Voice of America News: Mark Hopkins profiles Boris Yeltzin. Evan Hayes reports from Bonn. Elections, Germany, Austria, Latvia, Macedonia, Middle East. US troops leave Somalia.
• [Saturday] 25 December (Christmas Day): 0827 UTC: 11690 - 12010 kHz: Radio Moscow World Service Good reception. Programming: 'Pacific Update', News headlines in brief at 0830 UTC, Audio Book Club.
• 27 December: 1914 UTC: 1197 kHz (Medium Wave): Voice of America Good to moderate reception. Interference from Virgin 1215 which also uses 1197 kHz. Programming: Men who kidnapped school students to fly to Iran have been arrested, Korea, explosion: UN base, Somalia, Germany sees increase in attacks on visitors.
• 30 December: 2130 UTC: 1179 kHz (Medium Wave): Radio Sweden Strong to good reception. News headlines: Österland link at risk. Report from "The Guardian", EEA [European Economic Area?] in force from 1st January 1994. "Sixty Degrees North" programme.

Adventist World Radio QSL, January 1994

January 1994

• [Saturday] 1 January [1994]: 1526-1600 UTC: 5940-5945 kHz: Adventist World Radio Strong to good reception. Test transmissions: AWR address, frequencies, times, transmitter information, music. Address: PO Box 100 252 Darmstadt Germany - Frequency list: 5940 5945 7115 7180 7270 7315 9455 9465 11610 13715 13790 kHz. Lady sings 'Amazing Grace' at 1526 UTC. Announcement "This is AWR The Voice of Hope", 250 kW from Slovakia to Africa, Middle East, Asia and Europe.
• 6 January: 1155 UTC [5955 kHz?] Radio Netherlands 'Media Network': Estonia closes broadcasts. Radio Free Europe to close on Medium Wave. Report from BBC in Caversham, UK. Cutbacks at Radio Prague, details of World Radio Network, London. Adventist World Radio via Radio Prague. World Radio TV Handbook. BBC Radio 2 & 3 satellite broadcasts, Capital Radio satellite broadcasts. 'Receiver Shopping List' (Edition 14) available. Radio New Zealand International. Arthur Cushen reports from the Pacific. Propagation Report with Mike Bird, New South Wales, Australia.
• 11 January: 19 UTC: 6040 kHz: Voice of America News: President Clinton in Brussels. Report from Cairo. US Dollar strong against the pound in London. China & US to discuss textile imports. North Korea and the US to negotiate? Shooting in Kashmir. Banning of cigarettes ads in USA? 'Newsline' with Kent Cline. NATO to use force in Bosnia?
• 11 January: 1936 UTC: 6060-6080 kHz: Radio Australia Sports bulletin programme: Cricket: Australia v New Zealand. Tennis: Pete Sampras. Australian Rules Football in Canberra. Australian who campaigned to bring the Olympics to Sydney has been given an honour by the IOC.
• 11 January: 1936 UTC: 6 MHz: Radio Yugoslavia English broadcast. Female newscaster. Civil war clashes continue in Bosnia. 'Croatia & Muslims are fighting Muslims attacking Serbia'. UN decides to suspend flights to Sarajevo. '82mm fell on Sarajevo Airport'. Japanese troops will not be going to the former Yugoslavia. Bill Clinton to visit Moscow, Russia, tomorrow. Brussels summit concerning NATO. Yugoslav film wins Moscow movie awards.
• 11 January: 2023 UTC: 7170 kHz: China Radio International Female broadcaster: Weather in China. Are Chinese chocaholics? Chinese sports: figure skating.

• 11 January: 2039 UTC: 7 MHz: Radio Obershindingo Japan. Postal address: Radio Obershindingo, 3 Hidoanna Shivuoka 418-01 Japan.
• 11 January: 21 UTC? 9690 kHz (31m) Radio Romania News: NATO meeting. Romania makes links with Turkey. New Director General of Romanian television appointed. Links between Thailand & Romania are being renewed. Red Cross helps Serbia. Boris Yeltzin opens Russian parliament. Israeli troops to withdraw from Jericho. Fires calm down in Sydney. Good to moderate reception.
• 11 January: 2130 UTC: 12095 kHz: BBC World Service IRA ban lifted in Ireland.
• 29 January: 2240 UTC: 963 kHz (Medium Wave): Radio Finland Strong to moderate reception. Programme: "Focus" Spain slowing down Sweden & Finland's membership of the EU. Upturn in European import/export markets, South Asia & Russia contribute to Finland's export income.
• 29 January: 2315 UTC: 1368 kHz Medium Wave: Manx Radio Good to poor reception. 'The Late Show' Music from Nat King Cole, presenter: Chris Price, who mentions a lady in Colwyn Bay, who enjoys the music of Nat King Cole.
• 30 January (Sunday): 1725 UTC: 1179 kHz Medium Wave: Radio Sweden Strong to good reception. Programme 'Sounds Nordic' the Swedish singles chart: Bryan Adams, Rod Stewart & Sting 'All For Love' at No 1. An interview with staff of 'Interface', a Swedish computer magazine. Visit to a music museum.

February 1994

• 10 February: 1715 UTC: 1179 kHz: Radio Sweden Strong to good reception. Thursday's edition of '60° Degrees North': Is it wise for the UN to bomb Sarajevo? News with Jim Downing. Serbs could be bombed. Interview with Swedish Prime Minister. Committee reviews possible entry to the European Union. Serbs should give up arms, but bombs may injure serving Swede troops. NATO may bomb Sarajevo. Thursday's deliveries from Swedish Rescue Service have been delayed until Sunday, 13 February. A visit to a Reindeer market. Austria, Finland, Norway & Sweden may be allowed to enter the EU. [Receiver: Panasonic FM-LW-MW 3 Band Receiver; "GX30 High Sensitivity" Model No: RF-1630L; Made in Singapore.]
• [Tuesday] 15 February: 10:05 UTC: 1458 kHz Medium Wave: BBC Newcastle BBC Radio Newcastle Weather at 10:05, music by D:Ream. BBC 'phone-in number: 091 232 6565. 'Sue', re: pancake race: 091 276 4809. 'Vlad The Lad'. Metro Controller David Harrod coming up soon. Strong to moderate reception. Music by Rita Macneil 'Working Man'. Travel update: Snow in West Northumberland, snow on the A66 Bowes - Stainmore 2 lanes in operation. Travel via AA Roadwatch. Missing cars: Beige fiesta & red fiesta. Man from BBC pronunciation unit on soon. 'Snow watch' call 091 232 6565. Music from Julian Lennon 'Too Late For Goodbyes'.
• 16 February: 1948 UTC: 5945-6155 kHz: Radio Austria News: Atomic Energy Commission. Music: Vienna Art Orchestra. Report by Joanna King: Women in Romania die during childbirth. David Ward ends broadcast with the waltz 'With Us, At Home' by Strauss.
• 16 February: 1958 UTC: 5960 kHz: Deutsche Welle Broadcasting on 5960, 7285 kHz, Astra 1A. Mark Caldwell hosts 'Germany Today'. Peggy Graham, news: Chancellor Kohl. Strikes in north Germany. Steel companies are fined by the EU. Dalai Llama turns down an invitation to visit the Frankfurt celebration. German troops return from Somalia. Ash Wednesday.
• 16 February: 2042 UTC: 6040 kHz: Voice of America 'Music USA' (Jazz) Interview with Dave Frishburg. VOA station ID. 3000 Radio stations in the USA. Winston Marsellers, Phil-wood Quartet selected for awards.
• 16 February: 2055 UTC: 6180-6195 kHz: BBC World Service Feature on the Northern Ireland Job Club, interview with Paul, unemployed, of Belfast. Sports news: GB wins two gold medals at the winter Olympics, Lillehammer. Malta win a medal.

Radio Prague QSL, February 1994.

• 16 February: 2110 UTC: 7265 - 7345 kHz: Radio Prague Czech Press Review: Slovakian elections. Czech farm trade is small. War crimes. 'Calling All Listeners': Letter from Illinois, USA. Susan J Sheppard in Connecticut asks for a QSL. Radio Prague archives. Letter from Glasgow. Clandestine stations in Cuba have been heard around the world. 'Calling All Listeners' end at 2127 UTC.
• 16 February: 2156 UTC: 11815 - 11925 kHz: Radio Japan 'Tokyo Pop-In' Music programme: Japanese pop music.
• 24 February: 2217 - 2230 UTC: 1512 kHz Medium Wave: BRT Brussels 'North South' with Frans Vossen, 'Economics': European car industry is slow. EC publishes figures of car sales in Europe. Strong to good reception.

I do hope you have found these memories of Winter 1993 - 94 of interest, and thank you for visiting this post. If you have visited this post by following the links on Twitter and Facebook, please feel free to 'Like' the social media posts and, if you would like to, share the link to this post. Please feel free to post a comment below or on the social media leads to this post. Thank you once again for visiting Reporting From The Fox Tower.

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